Volumen 13, Número 3, Julio - Setiembre, 2025, Páginas 91 al 103DOI: https://doi.org/10.37787/t0wzg155ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN Evaluación del daño y recuperación de la capacidad portante del concreto tras la exposición al fuegoDamage assessment and recovery of concrete bearing capacity after fireexposureKleiner Saucedo*, Donny Vásquez1, Zadith Garrido1RESUMENEl presente artículo realiza un análisis comparativo de diversas investigaciones enfocadas en el desempeño del concreto frente a elevadas temperaturas, considerando particularmente la degradación y posible recuperación de su capacidad estructural tras un incendio. Se examinan estudios que abordan variables como el tipo de concreto utilizado, la incorporación de fibras metálicas o sintéticas, la adición de materiales puzolánicos, los métodos de enfriamiento aplicados y las técnicas de diagnóstico post-fuego. Los hallazgos revisados indican que el uso de fibras de acero o vidrio puede contribuir a mejorar la estabilidad térmica del concreto, aunque su efectividad depende del tipo de mezcla y de las condiciones térmicas alcanzadas. Del mismo modo, la incorporación de ceniza volante ha mostrado efectos positivos en la resistencia residual del concreto autocompactante. Se incluyen tanto enfoques experimentales como modelaciones teóricas que permiten evaluar daños térmicos y fenómenos como el desprendimiento explosivo (spalling). Esta revisión permite identificar patrones recurrentes, contradicciones metodológicas y vacíos de conocimiento, subrayando la necesidad de criterios unificados para la evaluación estructural post-incendio. En conjunto, se resalta el valor de integrar estos conocimientos en el diseño y recuperación de estructuras afectadas por el fuego.Palabras clave: concreto, fuego, resistencia, spalling, capacidad portante.ABSTRACTThis article presents a comparative analysis of various studies focused on concrete performance at high temperatures, particularly considering the degradation and possible recovery of its structural capacity after a fire. Studies are examined that address variables such as the type of concrete used, the incorporation of metallic or synthetic fibers, the addition of pozzolanic materials, the cooling methods applied, and post-fire diagnostic techniques. The reviewed findings indicate that the use of steel or glass fibers can contribute to improving the thermal stability of concrete, although their effectiveness depends on the type of mix and the thermal conditions achieved. Similarly, the incorporation of fly ash has shown positive effects on the residual strength of self-compacting concrete. Both experimental approaches and theoretical models are included, allowing for the assessment of thermal damage and phenomena such as spalling. This review identifies recurring patterns, methodological contradictions, and knowledge gaps, highlighting the need for unified criteria for post-fire structural assessment. Overall, the value of integrating this knowledge into the design and recovery of fire-damaged structures is highlighted.Keywords: concrete, fire, strength, spalling, load-bearing capacity.* Autor para correspondenciaINTRODUCCIÓNEl concreto, un material fundamental en la construcción moderna, valorado por su resistencia inherente al fuego; sin embargo, su exposición a altas temperaturas durante incendios induce cambios físicos, químicos y microestructurales que comprometen su capacidad portante y la seguridad estructural de las edificaciones (Kodur, 2014; Aguirre & Aguirre, 2018). Fenómenos como la pérdida de resistencia, el agrietamiento, el desprendimiento explosivo (spalling) y las alteraciones en la matriz cementicia afectan su funcionalidad, lo que resalta la necesidad de evaluar el daño térmico y desarrollar estrategias efectivas de rehabilitación (Silva, 2025; Jansson, 2013). La investigación reciente ha abordado el comportamiento de diversos tipos de concreto bajo condiciones de incendio, incluyendo el concreto armado tradicional, autocompactante (SCC), de alta resistencia (HPC), de ultra-alta resistencia (UHPC), liviano y mampostería, considerando variables como el tipo de material, aditivos, fibras, duración del fuego, métodos de enfriamiento y técnicas de evaluación post-incendio (Aboud et al., 2024; Heiza, 2012; Durmaz, 2025; Estevan et al., 2024).Estudios experimentales han demostrado que la incorporación de aditivos como ceniza volante, humo de sílice o nanosílice, y fibras (de acero, vidrio o poliméricas) mejora la resistencia térmica y la capacidad residual del concreto hasta ciertos rangos de temperatura, aunque la degradación es significativa a temperaturas superiores a 700-1000°C (Abdelrahim et al., 2021; Kessel et al., 2023). Por ejemplo, el SCC con fibras de vidrio muestra un mejor desempeño hasta 700°C (Aboud et al., 2024), mientras que el UHPC retiene propiedades hasta 600°C (Estevan et al., 2024). Asimismo, investigaciones como las de Oliveira et al. (2021) y Qiao et al. (2022) destacan la importancia de la distribución térmica y el modelado del spalling para predecir el daño. Por su parte, los métodos desarrollados por Alonso y Flor-Laguna ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"1toOcO8h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/JGEFNBZ2"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The assessment of concrete structures exposed to a fire event must allow understanding what happened during the fire and the development of rational criteria for further evaluation of the safety of the structure in order to decide on the future repair or demolition of the structure.","container-title":"Redalyc","DOI":"10.21041/ra.v3i1.39","ISSN":"2007-6835","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Revista de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción","language":"es","note":"number: 1\npublisher: Alconpat Internacional","page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","title":"Determinación de la profundidad de daño en estructuras de hormigón post-incendio","URL":"https://revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/39","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Alonso","given":"M. C."},{"family":"Laguna","given":"Flor V."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",5,1]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",1,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (2013), para determinar la profundidad del daño térmico han proporcionado herramientas esenciales para el diagnóstico y la toma de decisiones en la rehabilitación de estructuras.61188602644140920092Esta revisión literaria sintetiza los avances en la evaluación del daño por fuego y la recuperación de la capacidad portante del concreto, integrando enfoques experimentales, numéricos y teóricos. Se analizan los patrones clave en el comportamiento de distintos tipos de concreto, el impacto de aditivos y fibras, los efectos de los métodos de enfriamiento y las estrategias de restauración propuest as ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HO4ThmbO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Cuy\\uc0\\u225{}n et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2021)","plainCitation":"(Cuyán et al., 2021)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":360,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/VK5DX92U"],"itemData":{"id":360,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"High temperatures originated by a fire, work environment or use, are known to seriously degrade construction materials; concrete is one of the most often use materials, thus affecting its mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Study has increased due to the importance of concrete behavior at high temperatures. A total of 56 articles indexed between the years 2015 to 2020 were reviewed; these articles were distributed as follows: 21 articles are from Scopus, 18 are from Scielo and 17 are from ScienceDirect; these articles analyze the influence of temperature on parameters such as compressive strength, flexural strength, module elasticity, detachment thereof, as well as the influence of aggregates types, additives and fibers. The conclusion is that the addition of certain external components, such as steel fibers, to concrete exposed to high temperatures, may help improve compressive strength; these, however, do not fully mitigate damage under extreme conditions.","container-title":"Investigatio","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.31095/investigatio.2021.16.7","issue":"16","journalAbbreviation":"NVESTIGATIO","language":"es","page":"78-93","source":"Zotero","title":"Comportamiento Térmico y Estructural del Concreto Expuesto a Altas Temperaturas: Una Revisión de la Thermal and Structural Behaviour of Concrete Exposed To High Temperatures: A Review of the Literature","URL":"http://revistas.uees.edu.ec/index.php/IRR/.","author":[{"family":"Cuyán","given":"Arlinton Edwin Barboza"},{"family":"Mio","given":"Jairo Leoncio Monja"},{"family":"Muñoz","given":"Sócrates Pedro Pérez"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Cuyán et al., 2021 ; ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Y6ErG11A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kiran et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kiran et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":142,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/JRAN28QN"],"itemData":{"id":142,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"PDF | Concrete is generally strong in compression and weak in tension also it resist against fire. Cement concrete is a complex mixture of different... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate","container-title":"ResearchGate","DOI":"10.11648/j.ajce.20180601.14","ISSN":"2330-8729","issue":"1","language":"es","page":"23","source":"www.researchgate.net","title":"(PDF) Strength Studies on Different Grades of Concrete Considering Fire Exposure","URL":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321875010_Strength_Studies_on_Different_Grades_of_Concrete_Considering_Fire_Exposure","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Kiran","given":"Kumar Poloju"},{"family":"Chiranjeevi","given":"Rahul Rollakanti"},{"family":"Chiranjeevi","given":"Rahul"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",5,9]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Kiran et al., 2018). Con ello, se busca contribuir al diseño de estructuras más resilientes al fuego, optimizar las técnicas de rehabilitación y abordar las brechas en la literatura actual para garantizar la seguridad y durabilidad de las edificaciones afectadas por incendios. En este contexto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión comparativa de investigaciones recientes sobre el desempeño del concreto expuesto al fuego, enfocándose en la degradación térmica, la pérdida de capacidad portante y las estrategias de recuperación estructural.MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de estudios publicados entre 2012 y 2024, obtenidos de bases de datos como Scopus, Scielo y ScienceDirect, enfocada en evaluar el impacto de altas temperaturas en la resistencia de diversos tipos de concreto (convencional, liviano, reforzado, autocompactante, reciclado y de ultra alto desempeño). Se priorizaron investigaciones con enfoques experimentales, modelos teóricos y análisis estructurales post-incendio, considerando el tipo de concreto, temperatura máxima, métodos de enfriamiento, incorporación de fibras o aditivos y técnicas de evaluación del daño. Las propiedades mecánicas (resistencia a compresión, tracción, flexión, módulo de elasticidad), térmicas (spalling, transferencia de calor) y microestructurales (fisuras, porosidad, descomposición química) se analizaron mediante ensayos de compresión (ASTM C39), tracción por compresión (ASTM C496), flexión (ASTM C78), módulo de elasticidad (ASTM C469), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), espectroscopia infrarroja (FTIR), difracción de rayos X (DRX), porosimetría por intrusión de mercurio (MIP) y modelado con elementos finitos (ANSYS, Abaqus). El análisis estadístico empleó ANOVA y pruebas de Tukey.61577294878721930093La evaluación experimental incluyó el diseño de concretos con materiales locales, utilizando cemento Portland tipo I (resistencia a compresión: 306-433 kg/cm²) y relaciones agua/cemento de 0.40-0.50, optimizadas con superplastificantes (0.5-0.8% en peso) (Qiao et al., 2022; ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ePTHY3GR","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/JGEFNBZ2"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The assessment of concrete structures exposed to a fire event must allow understanding what happened during the fire and the development of rational criteria for further evaluation of the safety of the structure in order to decide on the future repair or demolition of the structure.","container-title":"Redalyc","DOI":"10.21041/ra.v3i1.39","ISSN":"2007-6835","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Revista de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción","language":"es","note":"number: 1\npublisher: Alconpat Internacional","page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","title":"Determinación de la profundidad de daño en estructuras de hormigón post-incendio","URL":"https://revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/39","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Alonso","given":"M. C."},{"family":"Laguna","given":"Flor V."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",5,1]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",1,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Alonso & Laguna, 2013). Se emplearon agregados como arena silícea (tamaño máximo 4-5 mm, densidad 2620-2650 kg/m³), gravas basálticas o calizas (tamaño máximo 12-20 mm, densidad 2680-2700 kg/m³), arcilla expandida (LECA, densidad ~1100 kg/m³) y pumita (~900 kg/m³) para concretos livianos (Kuehnen et al., 2022; Kang & Weibin, 2018). Se incorporaron aditivos como nanosílice (1-3% en peso, diámetro 15 nm, pureza >99.8% SiO₂) y PET reciclado (5-15% en volumen, tamaño 2-10 mm, densidad 1380 kg/m³), así como fibras de acero, polipropileno, vidrio o híbridas (basalto-aramida) en proporciones de 0.5-2% (Aboud et al., 2024; Dyson & Shankar, 2024). El refuerzo estructural se realizó con barras de acero (límite elástico: 4200 kg/cm²) y láminas CFRP (Alzamili et al., 2023). Los especímenes (cubos de 100-150 mm, cilindros de 100×200 mm o 150×300 mm, prismas de 100×100×400 mm, vigas de 200×300 mm) se fabricaron según ASTM C192 (ASTM International, 2019), con nanosílice dispersada mediante ultrasonificación durante 1800 s (Liu et al., 2024). El curado se realizó durante 28 días en agua (20-23 °C) o cámaras con 95% de humedad relativa (20 °C).Los ensayos evaluaron el comportamiento bajo temperaturas de 200-1300 °C, con métodos de enfriamiento natural, acelerado o con agua, analizando spalling, resistencia y deformaciones en cámaras térmicas (Jansson, 2013; Oliveira et al., 2021; Vitorino et al., 2024). Se realizaron pruebas de compresión, tracción, flexión (incluyendo flexión a cuatro puntos durante exposición al fuego, Kodur, 2014), módulo de elasticidad y pérdida de masa, con tres repeticiones por condición. Las variables incluyeron tipo de agregado (LECA, pumita, grava), aditivos (nanosílice, PET, ceniza volante) y temperatura. Los análisis microestructurales emplearon SEM, TGA, FTIR, DRX y MIP para evaluar fisuras, descomposición química y porosidad (ASTM International, 2020; Ning et al., 2022). El modelado numérico se realizó con ANSYS (leyes constitutivas no lineales, Kodur, 2014) y gemelos digitales en Python (Liu et al., 2024). Estrategias como el uso de fibras híbridas y materiales reciclados (GGBS, agregado reciclado 20-60%) se evaluaron experimentalmente (Saqib et al., 2025; Nazri et al., 2017).Tabla 1 60534555029835940094Cuadro de resumen de los métodos y muestras analizadasTipo de HormigónAutor(es) y AñoMateriales y AditivosRango de Temperatura (°C)Métodos de EnsayoPropiedades EvaluadasAplicación PrincipalConvencionalQiao et al (2022)Agente expansivo (8%), ceniza volante, aditivo químico800, 1000 (40 °C/min, 30 min)Enfriamiento natural Spalling Estructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"T3OOoueq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Alonso & Laguna, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":355,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/JGEFNBZ2"],"itemData":{"id":355,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The assessment of concrete structures exposed to a fire event must allow understanding what happened during the fire and the development of rational criteria for further evaluation of the safety of the structure in order to decide on the future repair or demolition of the structure.","container-title":"Redalyc","DOI":"10.21041/ra.v3i1.39","ISSN":"2007-6835","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Revista de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción","language":"es","note":"number: 1\npublisher: Alconpat Internacional","page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","title":"Determinación de la profundidad de daño en estructuras de hormigón post-incendio","URL":"https://revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/39","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Alonso","given":"M. C."},{"family":"Laguna","given":"Flor V."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",5,1]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",1,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Alonso & Flor-Laguna, (2013)Cemento Portland300, 500Enfriamiento naturalResistenciaEstructuras Jansson (2013)Cemento Portland200 - 600Enfriamiento naturalResistencia,SpallingEstructuras Kiran et al (2018)Cemento Portland600, 800Enfriamiento natural, agua, estado calienteResistencia, análisis térmicoEstructuras Oliveira et al. (2021)Ceniza volante (10–20%)200–600Enfriamiento aceleradoResistencia, SpallingEstructuras Pasztetnik & Wróblewski (2021)Cemento Portland600Enfriamiento naturalResistenci Estructuras Wróblewska & Kowalski (2020)Cemento Portland400, 600Enfriamiento naturalResistencia Estructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aXJ1WQco","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Noman et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2022)","plainCitation":"(Noman et al., 2022)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/SuLDOU1p","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/ELF5LVAE"],"itemData":{"id":278,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Researchers have conducted numerous investigations on various repair techniques to restore the mechanical properties of fire-damaged concrete. However, most of the techniques are either expensive or require high technical skills. As a continuous work, this study involved an experimental investigation of the effects of various low-cost repair techniques to restore the mechanical properties of fire-damaged concrete. Sixty cylindrical concrete samples were subjected to heat ranging from 400°C to 800°C in a propane gas furnace. The samples were categorized into six groups, including the following: undamaged, fire-damaged, and fire-damaged and repaired using water curing; fire-damaged and repaired using cement-based slurry injection; re-curing fire-damaged and repaired with steel wire mesh along with epoxy resin wrapping; and fire-damaged and repaired using epoxy injection. The samples were tested for non-destructive and destructive tests, including ultrasonic pulse velocity, rebound hammer, and compressive strength. The results showed that the use of cement-based slurry injection along with the water-curing repair technique could regain almost 90% of its ultimate strength and secant stiffness, making it the most effective low-cost repair technique for fire-damaged concrete exposed up to 700°C.","container-title":"Frontiers in Materials","DOI":"10.3389/fmats.2021.801464","ISSN":"2296-8016","journalAbbreviation":"Front. Mater.","language":"en","page":"801464","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Effects of Low-Cost Repair Techniques on Restoration of Mechanical Properties of Fire-Damaged Concrete","URL":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2021.801464/full","volume":"8","author":[{"family":"Noman","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Yaqub","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Abid","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Musarat","given":"Muhammad Ali"},{"family":"Vatin","given":"Nikolai Ivanovich"},{"family":"Usman","given":"Muhammad"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",7,3]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022",1,27]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Noman et al. (2022)Epóxido y acero400, 800Enfriamiento con agua, epóxidoResistencia Estructuras Tipo de concretoAutor(es) y AñoMateriales y AditivosRango de Temperatura (°C)Métodos de EnsayoPropiedades EvaluadasAplicación PrincipalConvencional ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aN83aR3r","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kang & Li, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Kang & Li, 2018)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/hYnI4sMP","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/MYLLIPRL"],"itemData":{"id":290,"type":"article-magazine","title":"Effect of the Aggregate Size on Strength Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2428576","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Ma"},{"family":"Li","given":"Weibin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Kang & Li, (2018)Sustitución de agregado 0–100 %Hasta 800 (curva ISO 834)Enfriamiento naturalResistencia, deformaciónEstructuras generales ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uHtaUlbb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kuehnen et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2022)","plainCitation":"(Kuehnen et al., 2022)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/M9XjFLyU","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/FXW4QAJM"],"itemData":{"id":276,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"With increasing acceptance of performance-based design principles in the field of fire safety, it is imperative to accurately define the behaviour of materials during fire exposure. Real-world fire events, otherwise referred to as natural fires, are defined by four characteristics: heating rate, maximum temperature, exposure duration, and cooling rate. Each of these four characteristics influences concrete’s behaviour in a different manner. In this paper, the available experimental work for concrete, tested at elevated temperatures, is examined to identify the influence of the four natural fire characteristics on concrete compressive strength. This review focuses on normal strength concrete tests only, omitting parameters such as unique additives and confinement. The intent is to provide a fundamental understanding of normal strength concrete. The findings show that maximum temperature and cooling rates have a significant influence on concrete strength. Exposure duration has a moderate impact, particularly at shorter durations. Variable rates of heating have minimal influence on strength. Detailed conclusions are provided along with review limitations, practical considerations for designers, and future research needs.","container-title":"Fire","DOI":"10.3390/fire5020034","ISSN":"2571-6255","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Fire","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","page":"34","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Influence of Natural Fire Development on Concrete Compressive Strength","URL":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/5/2/34","volume":"5","author":[{"family":"Kuehnen","given":"Robert"},{"family":"Youssef","given":"Maged A."},{"family":"El-Fitiany","given":"Salah F."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",7,3]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022",2,28]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Kuehnen et al. (2022)Agregado reciclado (20–30%)200–500Enfriamiento posterior al fuegoResistenciaEstructuras UHPC (Concreto de ultra alto desempeño) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mHP2dIMH","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Van der, 2023)","plainCitation":"(Van der, 2023)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/8x6YIniU","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/PICBDIF4"],"itemData":{"id":286,"type":"document","title":"Spalling of concrete in fire – an overview and local relevance","author":[{"family":"Van der","given":"Johann Merwe"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Van der Merwe,(2023)Cemento HS y HSCNo especificadoEnfriamiento posterior al fuegoSpalling explosivo, permeabilidadEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nNLWw5bM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kaura et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2023)","plainCitation":"(Kaura et al., 2023)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/1QMQx9sf","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/BUX4ECEC"],"itemData":{"id":294,"type":"document","title":"Fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete made with flyash and limestone based Portland composite cement","URL":"DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18702/acf.2023.9.1.1","author":[{"family":"Kaura","given":"Puneet"},{"family":"Mohapatra","given":"B N"},{"family":"Ojha","given":"P N"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Brijesh"},{"family":"Kumar","given":"Sumit"},{"family":"Liju","given":"Varsha"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Kaura et al., (2023)Fibras híbridas simples No especificadoEnfriamiento naturalResistencia térmicaConstrucción avanzada ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wXfUSnXb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mehran et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2023)","plainCitation":"(Mehran et al., 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2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":380,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/DBI24H6K"],"itemData":{"id":380,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Wiley","issue":"1","title":"Effect of the Aggregate Size on Strength Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2428576","volume":"2018","author":[{"family":"Kang","given":"Ma"},{"family":"Wei","given":"bin Li"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kang & Wei, 2018)fibras individuales e híbridas400–600Enfriamiento naturalSpalling, Resistencia, microestructuraPavimentoReforzado ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"AZy28Tyv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elif et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2025)","plainCitation":"(Elif et al., 2025)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/TlgSMhpI","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/W53SDFDZ"],"itemData":{"id":292,"type":"article-magazine","title":"Improving fire resistance of lightweight concrete facade elements by using fibers","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-025-01133-6","author":[{"family":"Elif","given":"Hatice Beytekin"},{"family":"Kaya","given":"Yahya"},{"family":"Mardani","given":"Ali"},{"family":"Şenkal","given":"Filiz Sezer"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2025"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Elif et al., (2025)Fibras de polipropileno, poliamida y vidrio300–600Ensayos térmicos, enfriamiento naturalResistencia térmica superficialEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X578MSZS","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saqib et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2025)","plainCitation":"(Saqib et al., 2025)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/V6mjsjfJ","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/55AW5PD9"],"itemData":{"id":300,"type":"document","title":"Performance analysis of fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures using response surface methodology","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94258-w","author":[{"family":"Saqib","given":"Muhammad Khan"},{"family":"Imran","given":"Muhammad Khan"},{"family":"M.","given":"Rafiq Choudhry"},{"family":"Hussain","given":"Shabir Khahro"},{"family":"Ahmed","given":"Ahmed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2025"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Saqib et al., (2025)Agregado reciclado, fibras metálicas, fibras poliméricas300–600Ensayos térmicos y mecánicosResistencia, sostenibilidadEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"nVOcF3J5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dyson & Shankar, 2024)","plainCitation":"(Dyson & Shankar, 2024)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/zfyaB4h4","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/XDD5XUC3"],"itemData":{"id":306,"type":"document","title":"Fortifying flames: boosting concrete fire resistance with hybrid fiber polymers","URL":"DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2024-0424","author":[{"family":"Dyson","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Shankar","given":"Vijat Giri Rajagopal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2024"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Dyson & Shankar, (2024)Fibras de basalto y aramida combinadas250 - 500Ensayos compresión y tracción divididaResistencia a compresión y tracción divididaEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tPNVRoms","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Elsheikh & Alzamili, 2023)","plainCitation":"(Elsheikh & Alzamili, 2023)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/jEfgQfho","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/8IGEMWNN"],"itemData":{"id":271,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"One of the most significant building materials used to build a variety of infrastructure, military, and civil structures is concrete. It can effectively withstand fire mishaps for a long period of time. This study employs a finite element simulation approach in Three steps: the first involves applying mechanical loading, the second involves applying mechanical and thermal loading; and the third involves strengthening the damaged model. Two different strengthening procedures were used to evaluate the performance of the fire-damaged slab. Two types of strengthening techniques—carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheet and slurry-infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) jacketing—were used. Studying the performance of SIFCON and CFRP together and in two different thicknesses of each for repairing both normal and high-strength concretes after fire exposure is considered limited. An investigation of their behavior can provide insights into how effective the restoration of strength is. The study aims to assess how w ell various repair materials perform in restoring the durability and strength of reinforced concrete members after being exposed to fire. This will assist in determining the best materials for concrete repair after a fire. Results show that the enhancement s by SIFCON with a thickness of 30 mm significantly improved many indices, including load displacement behavior, ductility, and absorption energy of the slab.","container-title":"Civil Engineering Journal","DOI":"10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-013","ISSN":"2476-3055, 2676-6957","issue":"8","journalAbbreviation":"Civ Eng J","language":"en","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","page":"2012-2031","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Post Fire Behavior of Structural Reinforced Concrete Member (Slab) Repairing with Various Materials","URL":"https://www.civilejournal.org/index.php/cej/article/view/4286","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Elsheikh","given":"Asser"},{"family":"Alzamili","given":"Hadeal H."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",7,3]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023",8,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Alzamili et al., (2023)Láminas CFRP, fibras de acero, 2% vol.200, 500Simulación numérica, ensayos mecánicosResistenciaEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LiB2qbPA","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Khan et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2023)","plainCitation":"(Khan et al., 2023)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/9N4tIsPP","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/IFJK4485"],"itemData":{"id":302,"type":"document","title":"Fire Performance of Fiber-reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: A state-of-the-art review","URL":"DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18702/acf.2023.9.1.65","author":[{"family":"Khan","given":"Mehran"},{"family":"Kai","given":"Mingfeng"},{"family":"Ahmad","given":"Muhammad"},{"family":"Lao","given":"Jiancong"},{"family":"Dai","given":"Jian-Guo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Nazri et al., (2017) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"mbA3xBKc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Minh et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2023)","plainCitation":"(Minh et al., 2023)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/vBFJreGT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/YWD56785"],"itemData":{"id":296,"type":"document","title":"Investigation of Post Fire Mechanical Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343703003","author":[{"family":"Minh","given":"Tran Tung"},{"family":"Le","given":"Duc-Hien"},{"family":"Emmanuel","given":"Olusola Babalola"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2023"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} UHPC con fibras múltiples200 – 400 – 600 Ensayos térmicos y mecánicosSpalling, resistencia post-incendioEstructurasMinh et al., (2023)GGBS 20–60 % más agregado reciclado 200–800Compresión, tracción, móduloResistencia, módulo elásticoElementos sosteniblesAutocompactante (SCC)Aboud et al. (2024)Fibras de vidrio (0.5-1%)200–700enfriamiento natural, aceleradoResistencia, SpallingEstructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Xime2dMw","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ning et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2022)","plainCitation":"(Ning et al., 2022)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/AU4jqqgh","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/WKNS8K4I"],"itemData":{"id":298,"type":"document","title":"An Explorative Study into the Influence of Different Fibers on the Spalling Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures","URL":"https:// doi.org/10.3390/app122412779","author":[{"family":"Ning","given":"Xiliang"},{"family":"Li","given":"Jianfeng"},{"family":"Li","given":"Yuanyuan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Ning et al., (2022)Fibras de acero y polipropileno200–1000Compresión, flexión, pérdida de masaSpalling, resistencia residualEstructurasHeiza (2012)Ceniza volante (10–20%)200 - 700Enfriamiento aceleradoResistencia Estructuras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VNKWX8QW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gebre et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2024)","plainCitation":"(Gebre et al., 2024)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":263,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/fvF53S5l/items/EDSRVIXR"],"itemData":{"id":263,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Service structures could be built from different materials and concrete is commonly used in construction due to its beneficial mechanical properties, such as its superior compressive strength, long-lasting durability, and ability to resist fire. Structures are anticipated to withstand the various loads they encounter during their operational lifespan, which can typically be determined based on factors such as the type of service, geographical location, and dimensions. These loads can be accurately modeled using advanced software tools that are continuously evolving. However, fire incidents are difficult to predict, making it challenging to foresee their location, timing, and the extent of their impact on structures, resulting reductions in strength and unexpected stress. Therefore, in this study, to examine the performance of concrete of different strength grades and reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens exposed to fire at different temperatures, an experimental investigation was carried out. During the test, the maximum duration of fire exposure taken is four hours and maximum concrete surface temperature considered is limited to 246°C. For the RC beams, test was conducted under onepoint loading with different specimens of 25 mm and 35 mm concrete covers. The results showed that, the strength of RC beam after fire exposure reduces up to 18% and the compression strength of concrete at 246°C of fire exposure temperature with 25 MPa and 30 MPa were observed to drop by 32%, and 48%, respectively as compared to initial strength. Moreover, comparison of experimental results with numerical models were made. The results revealed that the predicted values of the residual compressive strength proposed by Hertz's model are in good agreement with the experimental values.","container-title":"European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering","DOI":"10.36868/ejmse.2024.09.04.281","ISSN":"25374346","issue":"4","journalAbbreviation":"EJMSE","language":"en","page":"281-294","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE UNDER FIRE EXPOSURE","URL":"https://ejmse.ro/articles/09_04_03_EJMSE-24-229.pdf","volume":"9","author":[{"family":"Gebre","given":"Yisihak"},{"family":"Gebremariam","given":"Habtom"},{"family":"Tarekegn","given":"Abrham G."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",6,20]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2024",12,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gebre et al., 2024)Fibras de vidrio200–700Enfriamiento aceleradoResistencia, SpallingEstructuras Tipo de concretoAutor(es) y AñoMateriales y AditivosRango de Temperatura (°C)Métodos de EnsayoPropiedades EvaluadasAplicación PrincipalArmadoYamanaka & otros (2024)Cemento Portland600 - 1300Enfriamiento naturalPropiedades térmicasEstructurasYağan y otros (2024)Cemento Portland200–800Enfriamiento naturalResistencia 413385658495950095VigasArmadoAguirre & Aguirre (2018)Cemento Portland400, 800Enfriamiento natural / aceleradoResistencia Vigas, Compactado Ünverdi et al. (2025)Fibras de acero , polipropileno25, 300, 600, 900Enfriamiento naturalSpalling, Resistencia PavimentosSilíceosVitorino et al. (2024)Agregados silíceos942.5 (exposición a curva ISO 834; por 1 hora)Enfriamiento naturalResistencia EstructurasPolvo reactivo (RPC) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Uu7BpdGI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ahmed Ali et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2021)","plainCitation":"(Ahmed Ali et al., 2021)","dontUpdate":true,"noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":"0n4dSXKc/rhwNnNiq","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/15941584/items/S2A7GIXX"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"In this paper, the effect of direct fire flame and steel fiber ratio on some mechanical properties and behavior of the relationship between load and deflection of rectangular reinforced concrete beams under the influence of fire exposure was studied. Concrete specimens were exposed to fire at temperatures ranging from (25- 400 ºC). Three temperature levels of (200, 300, 400 ºC) where chosen for exposure duration of 2.0 hours. After conducting the test, it was found that increasing the proportion of steel fibers in percentages 0.5% to 1% and 1.5% decreases the mid-span deflection at service load by 33%, 50% and 37.5 and increases the ultimate load by 36.36%, 41.6% and 53% respectively. After the beams are exposed to fire, it was noticed that the maximum crack width increases with increasing fire temperature.","container-title":"Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences","DOI":"10.24237/djes.2021.14401","ISSN":"2616-6909, 1999-8716","issue":"4","journalAbbreviation":"DJES","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","note":"publisher: University of Diyala, College of Science","page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","title":"Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Beams Exposed to Fire","URL":"https://djes.info/index.php/djes/article/view/922","volume":"14","author":[{"family":"Ahmed Ali","given":"Mahmoud"},{"family":"Elthakeb","given":"Aboelwafa"},{"family":"Mohamed","given":"Usama"},{"family":"Taha Noaman","given":"Mohamed"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2025",5,1]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021",12,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Abdelrahim et al., (2021)Fibras de acero (1–2%)200 - 800Enfriamiento naturalResistenciaEstructuras RESULTADOSLos estudios revisados muestran que la exposición del concreto a altas temperaturas (600–850 °C) puede reducir su resistencia a compresión entre 20 % y 70 %, dependiendo de la composición de la mezcla y los aditivos incorporados. Diversas investigaciones evidencian que la inclusión de fibras metálicas o de vidrio atenúa la pérdida de resistencia en 10–25 %, mientras que la adición de ceniza volante puede incrementar la resistencia residual hasta 15 % en concreto autocompactante. Asimismo, los métodos de enfriamiento post-incendio influyen en la absorción de agua, con incrementos de 3–8 %, reflejando un aumento de la porosidad y el riesgo de desprendimiento explosivo (spalling). En conjunto, estos hallazgos indican que un enfoque integral considerando la composición del concreto, los refuerzos y las estrategias de enfriamiento es esencial para optimizar la recuperación estructural.Degradación de Propiedades MecánicasResistencia a CompresiónDiversas investigaciones realizadas han documentado que la exposición a altas temperaturas provoca una reducción significativa en la resistencia a compresión del concreto, influenciada por la temperatura alcanzada, tiempo de exposición, el tipo de concreto y los materiales incorporados. Kodur (2014) determinó que el concreto convencional disminuye entre el 20-50% de su resistencia a compresión a temperaturas superiores a 400°C, debido a la deshidratación de los hidratos de cemento y la formación de microfisuras. En contraste, Abdelrahim et al. (2021) el concreto de polvo reactivo (RPC) con fibras de acero (1 - 2%) muestra una disminución del 10- 30% de la resistencia a 600 °C, atribuido a su impermeabilidad, su matriz compacta y baja porosidad. Así mismo Minh et al. (2023) examinaron concretos con agregados reciclados y escoria de alto horno granulada molida (GGBS, 20-60%) reduce la pérdida de resistencia a compresión a 15-25% a 800°C, en comparación con el 40-60% en concretos convencionales. 6042660311785960096Resistencia a FlexiónLa exposición al fuego afecta gravemente la resistencia a la flexión de elementos estructurales como vigas de concreto armado. Aguirre y Aguirre (2018) reportaron una reducción del 30-50% en la resistencia a flexión de vigas expuestas a 600°C tras 60 minutos de exposición, mientras que Yağan et al. (2024), observan pérdidas de hasta el 60% a 800°C en vigas armadas, asociadas a daños microestructurales severos. Alzamili et al. (2023) encontraron que el concreto reforzado con láminas de polímero reforzado con fibra de carbono (CFRP) retiene hasta un 70% de su capacidad de flexión a 500°C, debido a la capacidad de las fibras para redistribuir las tensiones. Asimismo, Ünverdi et al. (2025) reportaron que el concreto compactado con fibras de acero limita las pérdidas de resistencia a flexión a un 20-35% a 600°C, al mitigar la propagación de fisuras.Resistencia a TracciónLa resistencia a tracción es altamente sensible a las altas temperaturas, con pérdidas significativas debido a microfisuras y descomposición química. Silva et al. (2025) reportaron una disminución del 40-60% a 700°C en concreto convencional, atribuida a la formación de microfisuras y la descomposición química de la matriz cementicia, mientras que Aboud et al. (2024) y Gebre et al. (2024) investigaron que el concreto autocompactante (SCC) con fibras de vidrio (0.5-1%) exhibe una reducción de solo 20-30% a 700°C. Dyson y Shankar (2024) destacaron que las fibras híbridas (basalto-aramida) permiten retener hasta un 80% de la resistencia a tracción a 500°C, Nazri et al. (2017) confirmó que el UHPC con fibras múltiples reduce las pérdidas a un 15-25% a 600°C.Módulo de ElasticidadEl módulo de elasticidad del concreto se reduce drásticamente con el aumento de la temperatura, afectando la rigidez estructural. Cuyán et al. (2021) obtuvieron una pérdida del 60-70% a 600°C en concreto convencional, mientras que el UHPC retiene aproximadamente el 50% de su módulo de elasticidad a 700°C debido a su microestructura densa (Estevan et al., 2024). Durmaz (2025) determinó que la incorporación de fibras de acero y aditivos como sílice mejora la retención, con pérdidas de 30-40% a 800°C incluso bajo condiciones extremas como radiación gamma. Asi mismo Minh et al. (2023) identificó que el uso de GGBS en concreto con agregados reciclados limita la reducción del módulo de elasticidad a un 25-35% a 800°C.6126480792047970097Fenómeno de SpallingEl spalling es un fenómeno crítico en concretos densos, especialmente en UHPC y HPC, debido a la acumulación de presión de vapor en la matriz. Qiao et al. (2022) y Jansson (2013) determinaron que el spalling ocurre principalmente entre 200-600°C, siendo más severo en concretos de alta resistencia (HPC) y UHP, debido a su baja permeabilidad. La incorporación de fibras de polipropileno, vidrio o híbridas reduce significativamente el spalling al facilitar la liberación de vapor (Ning et al., 2022; Elif et al., 2025; Saqib et al., 2025). Así mismo Van der Merwe (2023) destaca que el UHPC con fibras de acero muestra una reducción del spalling en un 40-50% a 600°C. Sin embargo, Oliveira et al. (2021) observó que el enfriamiento acelerado tras la exposición al fuego exacerba el spalling en un 15-20% debido a choques térmicos.Efecto de Aditivos y FibrasLa incorporación de aditivos y fibras como ceniza volante (10-20%), humo de sílice, o nanosílice (1-3%) mejora la resistencia térmica y la capacidad residual del concreto. Heiza (2012) y Kaura et al. (2023) determinaron que la ceniza volante en SCC incrementa la resistencia a compresión residual en un 10 - 15% a 700°C, al reducir la porosidad y mejorar la cohesión de la matriz. Las fibras de acero, vidrio, polipropileno o híbridas (basalto-aramida) mitigan el agrietamiento y el spalling, con mejoras de hasta un 30% en la resistencia a tracción y flexión (Dyson y Shankar, 2024; Aboud et al., 2024; Ünverdi et al., 2025). Sin embargo, la efectividad depende de la proporción (0.5-2%) y la distribución homogénea de las fibras, con resultados menos consistentes en concretos compactados a 900°C (Ünverdi et al., 2025).Estrategias de Recuperación de la Capacidad Portante60731402705100980098La restauración de la capacidad portante incluye técnicas como el refuerzo con CFRP, epóxidos, y morteros de reparación. Noman et al. (2022) determinaron que la aplicación de epóxidos y refuerzos de acero restaura hasta un 80% de la resistencia a compresión a 400°C, aunque la efectividad disminuye a 50% a 800°C. Alzamili et al. (2023) identificaron que las láminas CFRP incrementan la capacidad de flexión en un 60-70% en elementos dañados a 500°C. Saqib et al. (2025) propusieron morteros de reparación con agregados reciclados y fibras metálicas, logrando una recuperación del 70-85% de la resistencia a tracción a 600°C. Sin embargo, las estrategias de reparación son menos efectivas en concretos expuestos a temperaturas superiores a 800°C debido al daño microestructural irreversible (Mehran et al., 2023).DISCUSIÓNLas investigaciones han demostrado que la exposición al fuego reduce significativamente las propiedades mecánicas del concreto de 55-85% a 600-1000°C, Abdelrahim et al. (2021) y Mehran et al. (2023) afirman que con el UHPC y SCC mejorados con nanosílice y fibras de acero o vidrio, generan una retención superior, conservando entre 60% y 90% de su resistencia a 600°C debido a su matriz densa y mayor cohesión térmica. En contraste, el PET reciclado agrava el daño por su fusión a temperaturas cercanas a 400°C (Albiajawi et al., 2024); el spalling es mitigado por fibras de vidrio y acero hasta 700°C (Aboud et al., 2024), pero persiste en concretos densos a 1000°C, el enfriamiento natural preserva mejor la resistencia que el enfriamiento con agua y facilita reparaciones con epóxidos (Noman et al., 2022), las técnicas de evaluación (SEM, TGA, FTIR, DRX, MIP) y modelado numérico (Kodur, 2014) ofrece diagnóstico preciso, pero requieren calibración para fuegos no normativos y estructuras mixtas, sugiriendo la necesidad de normativas unificadas para optimizar el diseño y rehabilitación de estructuras resilientes al fuego.CONCLUSIONESEn definitiva la revisión sistemática revela que la exposición al fuego reduce las propiedades mecánicas del concreto en un 55-85% a temperaturas de 600-1000°C, aunque los concretos de ultra-alto desempeño y autocompactantes, mejorados con nanosílice y fibras de acero o vidrio, conservan hasta un 60-90% de su resistencia a 600°C gracias a su matriz compacta y mayor cohesión térmica, mientras que el PET reciclado intensifica el daño por su fusión a bajas temperaturas; las fibras mitigan el desprendimiento explosivo hasta 700°C, pero no a 1000°C en concretos densos; el enfriamiento natural preserva mejor la capacidad portante frente al enfriamiento con agua, que facilita reparaciones con materiales compuestos; las técnicas de evaluación microestructural y el modelado numérico proporcionan diagnósticos precisos, pero requieren calibración para fuegos no normativos y estructuras mixtas, lo que subraya la necesidad de normativas unificadas para optimizar el diseño de estructuras resilientes al fuego y la rehabilitación con materiales compuestos y morteros reciclados, garantizando mayor seguridad y durabilidad en edificaciones afectadas por incendios.REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS6050280972868990099Abdelrahim, M. 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Email: kleiner.saucedo@est.unj.edu.pe, donny.vasquez. @est.unj.edu.pe, zadith.garrido@unj.edu.peTecnologías de la Información de la Cadena de Suministro Empresarial: Una Revisión Sistemática 015781000 Saucedo et al. 015781000PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT49Recibido: 31/07/2025Aceptado: 29/09/2025https://revistas.unj.edu.pe/index.php/pakamuros 91iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAgsAAABPCAYAAABlCYadAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACx jwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAIdUAACHVAQSctJ0AACP9SURBVHhe7Z13vJTVmcdjYtRYEltimpoYV5OY vtndfLKuSTab3U/KFjcNDaIBxUas2KJItxCqiFIURBFBEFCUjjRpAgIiIEVBvKj03jGz88zcZ+7z nvmd8vYhe/74fuadp/yeM/fOnfvM+573nI985Pd3Fzwej8fj8Xi0QKPH4/F4PB4PA40ej8fj8Xg8 DDR6PB6Px+PxMNDo8Xg8Ho/Hw0Cjx+PxeDweDwONnlT561//WgWK83g8Ho+nJoBGT6r4ZsHj8RyJ /LrL086fXzPfXBvwqTm/evDJim/yktUB3/Y9+6ry+Dnbnp+3LGBDcC7x8htvQTvB9n6T50F759Ez oF1FF7Np5+6Kfem7GwI+Qs2ZteKdiq1R9yGB2NyARk+q8JtAguI8Ho+nluBmAflUZLPQov/oQN7+ g4cCz+n4n+5+tHR84uXtSs9Pv/K+io/Yd+BAIN7WLHzrtodKccc3aVP4xQMDS8fsY01G2i/t+Wzh 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