Efecto de los nanomateriales en las propiedades mecánicas del concreto: Una revisión 2021–2025
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37787/qnf79q56Palabras clave:
Concreto, sostenibilidad, adición, sustitución y nanomaterialesResumen
El artículo aborda los efectos de la aplicación de nanomateriales (NM) en el comportamiento mecánico del concreto, considerando su aplicación en forma de adición y reemplazo parcial del cemento. Mediante una exploración exhaustiva en diversas plataformas científicas entre ellas Scopus, Scielo, Dialnet, Latindex y Google Scholar, publicados entre 2021-2025. Se identificaron los tipos de nanomateriales más utilizados, sus proporciones óptimas y sus efectos sobre el rendimiento del hormigón. Los resultados muestran que no existe una dosis universal, la eficacia varía según el tipo y forma de incorporación. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes destacan la nanoarcilla (NC) con proporciones óptimas entre 4% y 5% en sustitución, el óxido de grafeno (GO) con niveles máximos del 1% y el nano-TiO₂ (NT) con una alta variabilidad dependiente del contexto experimental. La nanosílice (NS) evidenció mejoras notables en resistencia y durabilidad, aunque reduce la trabajabilidad del concreto fresco. Se concluye que el uso dosificado de nanomateriales mejora la resistencia del concreto frente a compresión, tracción y flexión, reduce la permeabilidad y mejora la durabilidad, constituyendo una estrategia tecnológica clave para mitigar la huella ambiental del concreto y extender su vida útil.
Referencias
Abdulkadir, I., Mohammed, B., Ali, M., & Liew, M. (2022). Effects of Graphene Oxide and Crumb Rubber on the Fresh Properties of Self-Compacting Engineered Cementitious Composite Using Response Surface Methodology. Materials, 15, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA15072519
Ahmad, F., Jamal, A., Iqbal, M., Alqurashi, M., Almoshaogeh, M., Al-Ahmadi, H., & Hussein, E. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Nano Graphite Platelets as Additive Carbon Material. Materials, 15, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA15010290
Alomayri, T., & Adesina, A. (2021). The influence of nano CaCO3 on the mechanical performance of micro glass-reinforced geopolymer paste. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12517-021-07839-0/METRICS
Alqamish, H., & Al, A. (2021). Development and Evaluation of Nano-Silica Sustainable Concrete. Applied Sciences, 11, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP11073041
Alvansaz, M., Arévalo, B., & Arévalo, J. (2022). Eco-friendly concrete pavers made with Silica Fume and Nanosilica Additions. INGENIO, 5, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.29166/INGENIO.V5I1.3784
Alvansaz, M., Bombon, C., & Rosero, B. (2022). Study of the Incorporation of Nano-SiO2 in High-Performance Concrete (HPC). INGENIO, 5, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.29166/INGENIO.V5I1.3786
Alvansazyazdi, M., Alvarez, F., Pinto, J., Khorami, M., Bonilla, P., Debut, A., & Feizbahr, M. (2023). Evaluating the Influence of Hydrophobic Nano-Silica on Cement Mixtures for Corrosion-Resistant Concrete in Green Building and Sustainable Urban Development. Sustainability, 15, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU152115311
ASOCEM. (2025). Reporte Estadístico Mensual. https://www.asocem.org.pe/estadisticas-nacionales/reporte-estadistico-mensual-agosto-2025
Bautista, K., Herrera, A., Santamaría, J., Honorato, A., & Zamora, S. (2019). Recent Progress in Nanomaterials for Modern Concrete Infrastructure: Advantages and Challenges. Materials, 12, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA12213548
Bheel, N., Mohammed, B., Liew, M., & Zawawi, N. (2023). Effect of Graphene Oxide as a Nanomaterial on the Durability Behaviors of Engineered Cementitious Composites by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization. Buildings, 13, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/BUILDINGS13082026
Bravo, A., Gallardo, W., Muñoz, S., Rodríguez, E., & Fernández, J. (2024). Analysis of the physical-mechanical performance of the concrete partially substituting the cement by nanosilica and the coarse aggregate by rock wool. Ingeniare. Revista Chilena de Ingeniería, 32, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-33052024000100218
Caballero, P., Damiani, C., & Ruiz, Á. (2021). Optimization of the concrete through the addition of nanosilice, using aggregates of the cantera de Añashuayco de Arequipa. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 36, 71–87. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732021000100071
Cristel. (2024). La nanotecnología en la arquitectura: revolucionando la eficiencia y la durabilidad. https://www.cristel.com.mx/blog/nanotecnologia-en-la-arquitectura
Dahish, H., & Almutairi, A. (2023). Effect of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength of nano-silica and nano-clay modified concretes using response surface methodology. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2023.E02032
Del Campo, J., & Negro, V. (2021). Nanomaterials in Protection of Buildings and Infrastructure Elements in Highly Aggressive Marine Environments. Energies, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/EN14092588
Dongo, P., & Saavedra, O. (2021). INFLUENCIA DE LA ADICIÓN DE NANOSÍLICE EN LA PERMEABILIDAD DEL CONCRETO. VÉRITAS, 21, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.35286/VERITAS.V22I1.292
En Obra. (2023, May 25). Eficiencia energética en construcción: óptimo consumo de energía. https://www.en-obra.com/es/noticias/construccion-representa-el-40-del-uso-de-energia
Hakuzweyezu, T., Qiao, H., Lu, C., Yang, B., & Li, K. (2021). Life Prediction Model of Nano-CaCO3 Modified Concrete in Sulfate Environment. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25, 3054–3063. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12205-021-1880-1
He, Z., Wang, B., Shi, J., Liu, D., Liu, J., Wang, D., & Hu, Y. (2023). Drying shrinkage and microstructural evolution of concrete with high-volume and low-grade metakaolin. Journal of Building Engineering, 76, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2023.107206
Hong, X., Lee, J., & Qian, B. (2022). Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Graphene Oxide. Nanomaterials, 12, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/NANO12050833
Jayakalyani, P., Sujatha, T., Nithin, P., Mydili Priya, CH., & Mouni, J. (2023). Study on effects of TiO2 Nano particles on properties of concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1280, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1280/1/012007
Khan, S., Amjad, H., Ahmad, F., & Khan, H. (2024). A Scientometric Review Summarizing the Impact of Nanomaterials on the Fresh, Hardened, and Durability Properties of Cement-Based Materials. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2024, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/ADCE/8639483
KUNAK. (2025, July 10). Impacto ambiental de la industria cementera: desafíos y soluciones tecnológicas. https://kunakair.com/es/impacto-ambiental-industria-cementera/
Loganathan, R., & Mohammed, B. S. (2021). Properties of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Nano-Silica. Materials, 14, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA14133765
Long, Z., Chen, Y., Yin, W., Wu, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). The Effects of Graphene Oxide-Silica Nano-Hybrid Materials on the Rheological Properties, Mechanical Properties, and Microstructure of Cement-Based Materials. Materials, 15, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA15124207
Macías, M., Cedeño, J., Morales, C., Tinizaray, R., Perero, G., Rodríguez, J., & Jarre, C. (2024). Nanomaterials in construction industry: An overview of their properties and contributions in building house. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 10, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCEE.2024.100863
Mohammadfarid, A., Carlosama, A., Rosillo, J., Bonilla, P., Patrice, D., Santamaria, J., Cadena, H., Logacho, A., & Tapia, J. (2025). Development of Oat Husk-Derived Nano-Silica for High-Performance and Sustainable Mortar Applications. INGENIO, 2, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.29166/INGENIO.V8I2.8165
Najaf, E., Orouji, M., & Zahrai, S. M. (2022). Improving nonlinear behavior and tensile and compressive strengths of sustainable lightweight concrete using waste glass powder, nanosilica, and recycled polypropylene fiber. Nonlinear Engineering, 11, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1515/NLENG-2022-0008/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS
Navarro, M. (2025). La nanotecnología: una técnica para mejorar la sostenibilidad - Neumáticos en verde. Blog SIGNUS. https://blog.signus.es/la-nanotecnologia-una-tecnica-para-mejorar-la-sostenibilidad/
Noori, A., Yubin, L., Saffari, P., Zhang, Y., & Wang, M. (2022). The optimum percentage of nano clay (NC) in both direct-additive and sonicated modes to improve the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01493
Orakzai, M. (2021). Hybrid effect of nano-alumina and nano-titanium dioxide on Mechanical properties of concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2020.E00483
Othuman Mydin, M. A., Jagadesh, P., Bahrami, A., Dulaimi, A., Özkılıç, Y. O., Al Bakri Abdullah, M. M., & Jaya, R. P. (2023). Use of calcium carbonate nanoparticles in production of nano-engineered foamed concrete. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 26, 4405–4422. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMRT.2023.08.106
Othuman Mydin, M. A., Mohd Navi, M., Mohamed, O., & Sari, M. (2022). Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Foamed Concrete Modified with Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles. Materials, 15, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA15175911
Pathak, S., & Vesmawala, G. (2022). Effect of nano TiO2 on mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65, 1915–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.05.161
Poudyal, L., Adhikari, K., & Won, M. (2021a). Mechanical and Durability Properties of Portland Limestone Cement (PLC) Incorporated with Nano Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Materials, 14, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA14040905
Poudyal, L., Adhikari, K., & Won, M. (2021b). Nano Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) as a Reliable, Durable, and Environment-Friendly Alternative to Diminishing Fly Ash. Materials, 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA14133729
Purton, M. (2024, September 13). El cemento es un gran problema para el medio ambiente. Aquí te explicamos cómo hacerlo más sostenible. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/09/cement-production-sustainable-concrete-co2-emissions/
Rawat, G., Gandhi, S., & Murthy, Y. (2023). Durability Aspects of Concrete Containing Nano- Titanium Dioxide. ACI Materials Journal, 120, 25–35. https://doi.org/10.14359/51738490
Reddy, N., & Ramujee, K. (2022). Comparative study on mechanical properties of fly ash & GGBFS based geopolymer concrete and OPC concrete using nano-alumina. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2022.01.260
Roopa, A., Hunashyal, A., & Mysore, R. (2022). Development and Implementation of Cement-Based Nanocomposite Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring Applications: Laboratory Investigations and Way Forward. Sustainability, 14, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU141912452
Saleh, A., Attar, A., Ahmed, O., & Mustafa, S. (2021). Improving the thermal insulation and mechanical properties of concrete using Nano-SiO2. Results in Engineering, 12, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RINENG.2021.100303
Sastry, K., Sahitya, P., & Ravitheja, A. (2021). Influence of nano TiO2 on strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 1017–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.03.139
Singh, A. (2024). The Role of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Durability and Sustainability of Construction Materials. AZoBuild. https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8707
Sravanthi, M., & Sashidhar, C. (2024). Experimental Study on Self Healing Concrete by using the Silicon Dioxide Nano Particles and Crystalline Admixture. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1326, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012051
Sun, J., Tian, L., Yu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, C., Hou, G., & Shen, X. (2020). Studies on the size effects of nano-TiO2 on Portland cement hydration with different water to solid ratios. Construction and Building Materials, 259, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2020.120390
Suneel, M., & Rama, G. (2024). Effect of Nano-TiO2 at macro and micro level of concrete by partial substitution of cement. Research on Engineering Structures & Materials, 11, 1545–1559. https://doi.org/10.17515/RESM2024.402MA0817RS
Tarangini, D., Sravana, P., & Srinivasa Rao, P. (2022). Effect of nano silica on frost resistance of pervious concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 2185–2189. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.11.132
Thakur, A., Reddy, V., Chandrashekar, R., Sura, S., Kumar, M., & Reddy, M. (2024). Self-Healing Capability enhancement of Concrete using Nano clay and Crystalline Admixture as Sustainable Material. E3S Web of Conferences, 596, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1051/E3SCONF/202459601026
Varisha, Zaheer, M. M., & Hasan, S. D. (2021). Mechanical and durability performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanosilica (NS) admixed cement mortar. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 1422–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.01.151
Vidya, J., & Vasudev, R. (2023). Experimental investigation on properties of concrete incorporating TiO2. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research-DISCONTINUED. https://doi.org/10.7770/SAFER-V12N-ART776
Wu, L., Mei, M., Li, Z., Liu, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Study on photocatalytic and mechanical properties of TiO2 modified pervious concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCM.2022.E01606
Yang, B., Hu, X., & Qiao, H. (2024). Enhancing Durability of Concrete in Saline Soil with Nano-CaCO3 Modification: Investigation and Reliability Analysis. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 28, 3791–3804. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12205-024-0895-9
Zhu, J., Zhu, L., Feng, C., Guan, X., Sun, Y., & Zhang, W. (2021). Effect of Nano-Si3N4 on the Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials. Crystals, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/CRYST11121556
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Pakamuros
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
